NEGOTIATION SKILLS Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Arrangement SKILLS - Essay Example This short examination will work to address three primary inquiries with respect to arrangement. They are as per the following: 1) Describing and offering counsel in regards to the three central matters of the â€Å"Getting To Yes† model of exchange 2) examination and complexity of distributive/serious versus integrative/intrigue based haggling 3) Discussion of the success lose/win-win nature of arrangements and the impact that discernment and desires host on the two gatherings included. All things considered, this concise examination will endeavor to spread out, as most ideal as, a sort of rubric that will assist a person with handling arrangements in an educated and astute way. Concerning the three purposes of counsel that were gathered from the book Getting to Yes Negotiating Agreement Without Giving In, the writers note that the three most amazing assets towards accomplishing a fruitful invalidation rely on the accompanying: 1) isolating the individuals from the difficult 2) concentrating on the interests not the position 3) creating alternatives for common addition. In many cases in circumstances where contradictions/disputes/arrangements are occurring, it is phenomenally simple to promptly indicate an issue, a thought, or a given perspective to an individual or gathering of people. Along these lines, the real issue comes no nearer to goals as gatherings included have credited particularly close to home ascribes to every one of the viewpoints. All things considered, the individual hang ups that an individual or gathering of individuals may have with connection to another individual or gathering goes about as the fundamental obstacle towards accomplishing a situation amiable to effective resolution2. Along these lines, the difficult itself (or obstructions) is limited as the characters that uphold the given view are amplified. Such activities make it troublesome if not difficult to progress in the direction of a goals. Along these lines, it is the jo b of the mediator to look for, no matter what and consistently, comprehension of the issues as opposed to attempting to attribute them to a given gathering or person. The subsequent point revolves around the way that the mediator must place accentuation on looking to characterize the interests of the individual gathering and not the issue. Despite the fact that this can be comprehended a huge number of various ways, maybe the most ideal approach to comprehend it is that the spotlight ought to be put on the positive and not the negative. In such a manner, as opposed to promptly coming to understanding that a focal negative exists, the gathering can concentrate positive and helpful energies on characterizing and further building up the separate interests that manage the places that are close by. In conclusion, how it is encircled is in many cases a large portion of the fight. In a circumstance where a troublesome issue looks for goals, a redistribution of center such that attempts to amplify shared increase is generally one of the most proficient ways towards uniting parties on purposes of understanding. In spite of the fact that this is an exceptionally fundamental idea, it is one that is lost on numerous arrangements as people included build up a sort of exclusive focus on their ideal outcomes with little idea as to little badge of harmony contributions that could cajole the opposite side to give up some ground on a given thing or set of focuses. As for looking into distributive/serious versus integrative/intrigue based haggling, these fundamentally vary as for the thing that is being talked about. For example, as the name suggests, distributive bartering is regularly

Analysis Of Harry Potter Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Examination Of Harry Potter - Essay Example Translation in this setting would infer a clarification or method of clarifying, for example, something that is available to various understandings. In this manner, the conversation follows the accompanying structure,ReceptionThe gathering area of the Harry Potter and Fandom principally involve the artistic analysis dependent on British versions of the Seven Harry Potter books.Demand Thegreatdemandfor Harry Potter book roused the New York Times to make a different blockbuster list for children’s writing min 2000, not long before the arrival of Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire. By June 2000, Rowling’s epic had been on the rundown for 79 weeks with the initial three books each being on the hardcover hit list. By April 2007, Barnes and the Noble announced that Deathly Hallows had broken its pre-request record with more than 500,000 duplicates pre-requested through its site. Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix, with 8.5 million, which was then broken by Half-Bloode d Prince with 10.8 million duplicates. Grants Honors and Recognition Harry Potters work has gotten different honors, praises, and acknowledgment. The Harry Potter arrangement have been the beneficiaries of a large group of grants since the underlying distribution of Philosopher’s Stone incorporating four Whitaker Platinum Book Awards, Andal-were conceded in 2011. Harry Potter respects incorporate a tribute of for the Carnegie Medal (1997) and a short posting of the Guardian Children’s Award (1998). Components for Criticisms

Get Free College Essay Writing Help

Get Free College Essay Writing HelpCollege essay writing help is available. Many students feel overwhelmed by the stress involved in writing an essay and lack the skills to come up with a clear and concise essay.This makes it much easier for college professors to dismiss them because they cannot write properly. By providing professional essay writing help, students can increase their chances of getting accepted into the college that they want to attend.The trick is to learn how to write an effective essay, without becoming confused or frustrated. In order to accomplish this, you should be able to find a source of free or inexpensive writing advice. A good tip for college essay writing help is to get in touch with professional writing experts who have experience writing essays and can help you develop your essay.Essays require careful and thorough preparation. However, unless you learn how to go about it, your chances of winning the competition are slim. You will have to apply some re al work in order to craft a compelling essay that will be attractive to the admissions officers of the colleges you are applying to.Essays are written in a specific style, so it would be wise to learn how to use this style in your own essay. This will allow you to craft an interesting essay that does not look like it was written by a college student.After a writer has finished an essay, he/she can make a note of any mistakes or similarities to what was mentioned in the guide, as well as any other writers note. When you have a little time on your hands, you can write down the main points of your essay and reference these when you are preparing your speech, or other document that you need to submit to a potential employer. It may seem tedious at first, but it will help you understand what your audience needs and wants to know about you.Another important aspect of writing essays is to always keep your audience in mind. If you are speaking before a group of people, remember to state the ir names and speak slowly.Writing an essay can be a chore, but once you get the hang of it, you can relax and enjoy the process. After all, it's supposed to be fun!

Importance of Values and Organizational Behavior - 692 Words

There are three primary purposes to this paper. The first is that the paper aims to describe why personal values are important. Obtaining a clear definition as to what values are varies from person to person. According to the paper values are the things that matter most to an individual (Posner, amp; Munson, 1979). Values are crucial to understanding behavior. Values allows a person to assess what is just and fair what they are willing to sacrifice in order to obtain something. Values are what eventually allow groups to bond together and find commonality. Second, is where and why personal values are important in the business world. Understanding values is a benefit to both employees and managers and have implications in policy for†¦show more content†¦This culture is based on values that the employee have that is in alignment with the organizational values and goals. For example, Patagonia is a company that encourages workers to take time off to volunteer. If volunteering is not a value that an employee shares, then the employee would not feel comfortable in a place like Patagonia and this would cause conflict. As a result, Patagonia goes through an intensive interview process in order to find the right fit of a potential employee and the business. This gives Patagonia less turnover, happier employees and better work environments. Values are important to the field of Organizational Behavior. According to (Adler, 2002), â€Å"A value is that which is explicitly or implicitly desirable to an individual or group and which influences the selection from available modes, means and ends of action†. The article shows that values are important to people and working with groups that share these values creates a better collaborative working environment. In Built to Last, visionary companies that have stood the test of time show that they try to hire those that share the same values and beliefs of the organization. Values become even more important when you consider a company that is a global. When companies are global it becomes increasingly more important to understand if theShow MoreRelatedDoc, Docx, Pdf1631 Words   |  7 PagesContents Organizational justice: 1 1: Distributive justice: 1 2: procedural justice: 2 3 interactional justice: 2 Importance of organizational justice: 2 CONDITIONS OF ORGANIZATIONAL JUSTICE IN PAKISTAN 3 Organizational citizenship behavior: 3 Definition and concept: 3 Kinds of organizational citizenship Behavior: 3 Altruism: 3 Conscientiousness: 4 Civic virtue: 4 Importance of organization citizenship behavior: 4 Organizational justice: Organizational justice showsRead MoreOrganizational Behavior : An Organization1054 Words   |  5 Pagestask of organizational structure is to encourage people to work hard and coordinate their effort to ensure a high level of organizational performance. To this effect the four key concepts that assistance in achieving the needed performance include understanding the meaning of organizational behavior; individual differences; values, attitudes, and moods and emotions; perception and attribution, and the management of diversity. Organizational Behavior (OB) Defining organizational behavior to be aRead MoreOrganizational Culture Within A Hospital Setting1693 Words   |  7 Pages There is a tremendous amount of literature regarding Organizational Culture as it relates to corporate business. Peters and Waterman (1982) book, In Search of Excellence: Lessons from America’s Best Run Companies, became the blueprint for organizational success. With the paradigm shift of hospitals becoming more â€Å"business- like† through mergers, acquisition, and pay for performance, organizational culture in a hospital setting will need to be furthered analyzed and defined as a predicator of successRead MoreThe Leader s Ethical Values Influence Leadership Style Essay1658 Words   |  7 Pagesindustries for instance, public, private, government, and non-profit/for-profit. The leader’s ethical values influence leadership style. The research suggests that the transformational leadership style is established on deontological ethics whereas transactional leadership is based on teleological ethics. Leader values and transformational/ transactional leadership suggest that a divergent set of ethical values serves as the foundations of the respective leadership influence processes. Teleological (utilitarianism)Read MoreProcedural Justice And Job Satisfaction Of Nursing Employees1523 Words   |  7 Pages outcome. According to the write-up, â€Å"procedural justice and job satisfaction of nursing employees are positively and significantly related to their innovative behavior† (Xerri, 2014, p.4), and â€Å"interactional justice directly affects job satisfaction and indirectly affects innovative behavior through job satisfaction† (Xerri, 2014, p.4). In other words, an organization that engages in practical apprehensions reaps perfected job satisfaction, which in turn has a bearing on workplace attitudes. ToRead MoreTrader Joes Essay examples1041 Words   |  5 PagesThe Organizational Behavior that makes Trader Joe’s Unique August 29, 2013 Abstract THE ORGANIZATIONAL BEHAVIOR OF FOOD RETAILER TRADER JOE’S IS UNIQUE IN MANY WAYS. FROM OWNER, JOE COULOMBE, TO A STORE CLERK, THEY ALL HAVE THE SAME VISION IN MIND- TO SET THEMSELVES APART FROM THE REST. NOT FALLING INTO STEREOTYPICAL FOOD CHAINS, TRADER JOE’S DOES BUSINESS THEIR WAY. THIS MAKES THEM PERFECT AT BEING THEM. FROM INTERVIEW QUESTIONS TO JOB DESIGN, THEY ARE NOT YOUR STANDARDRead MoreLeadership Theory And Organizational Culture1361 Words   |  6 Pagesleader and have shifted to focus on the leader’s behavior, skills and style. Emerging leadership theories continued to shift focus to team leadership and subordinate motivation. Organizational culture is exists in all organizations and influences the work environment. Researchers have studied leadership and organizational culture individually; however there have been less focus on gaining an understanding of the relationship leadership and organizational culture. In this paper, I will explore variousRead MoreFactors Influencing Organizational Behavior And The Organization1123 Words   |  5 PagesFactor Influencing Organizational Behavior Student Name Course Name Course Code Introduction The study of human behavior in organizational settings, the interface between human behavior and the organization and the organization itself is known as Organizational Behavior. The study of organizational behavior can be divided into three levels: †¢ Micro Level – Individuals in an organization †¢ Meso Level – Work Groups †¢ Macro Level – How organizations behave It was observed by ChesterRead MoreLeadership Influences Organizational Culture And Employee Commitment1502 Words   |  7 Pagesâ€Å"There is a need for greater attention to be paid to understanding the mechanisms and processes through which leadership influences organizational culture and employee commitment, in order to develop a more complete understanding of the inner workings of leadership† (Bass, as cited by Aolio et al 2004 p.952) . Ellemers, Gilder, and Haslam (2004) agree that â€Å"additional understanding of work motivation can be gained by incorporating insights into social identity processes† (p. 459). Since motivationalRead MorePersonality Profile Reflection Paper1743 Words   |  7 PagesOrganizational behavior studies human behavior and the impact individual attitudes and actions have on performance in the workplace. To provide a personal perspective of personality characteristics, the International Personality Item Pool (IPIP) assessment was us ed to measure aspects of my personality and how these traits relate to working with others and life within an organization. Key observations provide specific insight into how these are applied to workplace behavior and interactions with

Identity And The Identity Of Identity - 1084 Words

We live in a world where we are constantly dealing with the question of identity. Here is one of many definitions of the word â€Å"Identity† from the Merriam-Webster dictionary, â€Å"The relation established by psychological identification† Who am I? What am I doing here? What is my purpose in life? These are frequently asked questions within the minds of teenagers and young adults. In this day and age, there have been times where many teens and young adults have tried to find psychologically where they belong in the world and where they might discover their identity. Some will try to find their identity in other people, (i.e Celebrities, Singers, etc.) and others will find their identity in what they listen to, or the movies they watch, and will try to take on those personas. Because in today’s society it is easier to mask who you are, rather than discover what you are capable of. In this discourse we are going to take a look at some examples of identity, and how we can better understand the meaning of it and how we can apply it to today. Issue of Identity #1: In David Hume’s Bundle Theory of The Self, he states that there is no â€Å"fixed self† (or identity) but rather they are all mere perceptions. (Identities) Lust, love, hate, fear, sorrow, according to Hume these are all mere perceptions that have nothing to do with the idea or impression of self, but that it is something that we perceive to be feeling. And that we are all made up of perceptions and eachShow MoreRelatedIdentity Identities, Identity, Identities And Identities1310 Words   |  6 Pagesspeech to help support these identities. Identities are important because it influence how a communication interact, and â€Å"shape how they communicate† Category approaches treat identities as stable aspects of persons that shape how they communicate (Tracy Robles, 2013, p 20). As we have learned there are three main identities that a person tends to present during a communication situation. They are master identities, interactional identities and personal identities. They do not work individuallyRead MoreIdentity And Identity Of Identity Essay950 Words   |  4 Pagesreact to times the way that they do? Identities, everybody has an alternate identity. Identity advancement are the examples of considerations, emotions and practices that set you apart from another person. A large number of the hypotheses spin around that identity is something that starts when you are a newborn child. Grown-up identity characteristics are one of the identities accepted to be based off of newborn child demeanor. That implies that their identity characteristics start to contrast atRead MoreIdentity, Identity And Identity855 Words   |  4 PagesIdentity What is an identity? Some people claim you’re born with it, other says that your identity is molded throughout your lifetime. An identity is what makes you the person that you are. When someone describes you to someone else, they are describing your identity. The morals that you live by, and the way you live your life is your identity. Many different factors make your identity different from everyone else’s. I think this because everyone goes through different events in their life and that’sRead MoreIdentity : Identity And Identity Essay1408 Words   |  6 PagesIdentity alludes to the unique and persevering examples of contemplations, feelings, and Behaviors that describe each individual s adjustment to the circumstances of his or her life. In the profundity idea of identity has been adjusted to distinctive connections with the point of giving particular expectations of conduct under the particular connection. Travel identity is such an adjustment of identity in the travel/tourism setting that alludes to travel exercises related with identity. IdentityRead MoreIdentity And Identity732 Words   |  3 Pagesvalues of what they want and have in life. Your identity is what makes you unique and what makes everyone different, and there is nothing wrong with being attuned with your roots, you should not give up on your ancestors that easily. In â€Å"And Then I Went To School†by Joe Suina, â€Å"Daughter of Invention† by Julia Alvarez, and â€Å"Aria† by Richard Rodriguez, language and power complicates how people see themselves and the world by making them question their identity and history. Initially, In â€Å" And Then I WentRead MorePersonal Identity : Identity And Identity2437 Words   |  10 PagesPersonal identity is essential in the human experience. Identity is complex and can be broken down into two main groups: introspective identity, and bodily identity. Introspective identity is based off of the groups, mentalities, or beliefs that you align yourself with, and bodily identity is based off of the physical side of yourself. Whether physical or introspective, your identity impacts every action you take. Whether choices ranging from what colors you prefer to which college you want to attendRead MoreIdentity, Identity And Identity Construction1751 Words   |  8 Pagescomes to understand the nature of identity, place is inseparable aspect from identity construction. Similarly, human mobility is another integral aspect taking into account to the study of identity in the age of globalisation. As society increasingly changes more fast and complex than ever before , the relationship between mobility and identity seems to have been more accentuated than the bond of place and identity. Thus, in this essay, I will seek how identity is intertwined with place and mobilityRead MoreThe Characteristics Of Identity : Identity, Identity And Cultures944 Words   |  4 PagesIdentity is an internalized force existing deep in the folds and crevices of the mind and manifested externally through a myriad of appearances, actions, behaviors, and ideologies. The components that define an individual are numerous, interwoven, and developed within a complex yet porous and pliable framework. Language, race, ethnicity, gender, sexual orientation, experiences, culture, personality, religion, and even the perceptions of others are just a few characteristics that help to shape andRead MoreIdentity Analysis : Cultural Identity And Identity1423 Words   |  6 Pages Identity Analysis â€Å"Be who you are and say what you feel because those who mind don’t matter and those who matter don’t mind†, a quote from Dr. Suess. I wanted to acknowledge this quote because this inspired me to do my collage. I’m not going to lie, I started my collage later than told because I was having a creative block. I was scrolling through twitter and saw the quote on my timeline. I was motivated by this quote. I was afraid that what I was going to put on my collage would trigger judgementRead MorePersonal Identity, Relational Identity And Identity1403 Words   |  6 PagesNFT is to help families create their preferred (as defined by the family) reality and identities. In NFT, goals are made and evaluated in two phases. In the middle phase of treatment, goals are surrounded around immediate symptoms, and late-phase goals focus on personal identity, relational identity, and the expanded identity. An example of a late phase goal for a family would be to crea te a family identity narrative that allows members to express their feelings of division within the family due

A Good Strategy Is The Core Content - 1211 Words

In the topic related to the enterprise management, we all agree that strategy is the core content. It does not only lead business operation in right direction but also make all department coordinated joint efforts. The real good strategy is a clear and deep consideration based on the issue or challenges that enterprise is facing. In the book, Richard discusses three core components of good strategy, four characteristics of bad strategy and nine power sources of good strategy. Richard stated in chapter one, â€Å"The first natural advantage of good strategy arises because other organizations often don’t have one. And because they don’t expect you to have one, either. A good strategy has coherence, coordinating actions, policies, and resources†¦show more content†¦That is a key reason why Apple was going down by the lead of Gil Amelio. Fortunately, Steve Job, the cofounder of Apple, was back just two months before bankrupt. The business world was not expecting much, even if Jobs was back. Is that possible a single person survive a company from dying? The answer is yes. As indicate in the book, â€Å"Jobs cut all of the desktop models—there were fifteen—back to one. He cut all portable and handheld models back to one laptop. He completely cut out all the printers and other peripherals. He cut development engineers. He cut software development. He cut distributors and cut out five of the company’s six national ret ailers. He cut out virtually all manufacturing, moving it offshore to Taiwan. With a simpler product line manufactured in Asia, he cut inventory by more than 80 percent. A new Web store sold Apple’s products directly to consumers, cutting out distributors and dealers.† (Pg.13 Richard) If we conclude what had Steve Jobs done in one single word, it is cut. He cut off everything are not necessary to the development of the company including product, employee, plant, retail store and department. The decision of shrinking the company is a double-edged sword. On the one hand, Apple could save a lot of expenditures on labor, plant and office maintain, operation expense, etc. On the other hand, the company

Managing People Negotiation

Question: Identifying and discussing the key skills that a line manager needs to be able to conduct effective negotiation. Answer: Introduction: Negotiation is a term that is widely in use nowadays. Usage of this word in certain environment depicts certain techniques those can never be completed without the manager on the other hand employees must be able to negotiate effectively. Any of the organizations runs on the basis of their employees skill and their performance. From those most required communication skill to negotiation skill, most of the organizations want to sharpen their employees skill to bring out best performance across the organization. Even authorities as well as the employees need to understand the negotiation skill of their employees such as the careful moves with the other parties can ensure a good deal by increasing the employee productivity. Critical analysis: There are numbers of precious definition on the negotiation have been given by so many authors, for example Richard Shell have mentioned that an interactive communication process take place whenever a person or a group of person ask for something form us or we ask for something form others (Aldhizer, III, 2015). There are four stages have been defined by Richard, those are- Preparation: When it comes the turn for preparation, it basically has the clear needs of ideas and plans to execute the important points. One of the means for effective communication is to become able to express the needs and thoughts clearly in front of other parties. Exchanging information: The information what can be presented in front of others, needed to be well researched and need to be communicated or need those information to be circulated effectively. The best way to understand the negotiator is to look at the deals form negotiators point of view (Walsh, 2015). Bargaining: The bargaining phase can be stated as most important as other 3 phase of negotiation. This the phase is the place where both of the parties get involved and learn to compromise on different aspects and to come to a final conclusion. Closing and commitment: This final stage is needed to understand the last few adjustment those are needed and what other important points those are required to understand different parties those are involved. On the other hand, as a final stage it is required to understand key requirements to establish the trust among several involved parties, hence, it will become possible to understand the requirement to fulfil their role in business (Dygert and Van Rennes, 2015). Negotiation skills are required for everyone in the organization to understand the other parties need by facing them internally and externally on the other hand negotiation act more than the tradition of buying selling approach within the organization. There are numbers of reasons are there to go for the negotiation, for example increment in budget allocation, service delivery specification, human resource allocation, project deadlines (Intense School, 2014). There are numbers of noteworthy cases are there which depicts the impacts of negotiation within the organization. Project North East on the other hand buys old buildings; fragment those building into smaller unit. The person who manages all of the actitivities and negotiates as per the requirement has become the excellent negotiator (Trainanddevelop.co.uk, 2015). That person assesses those old buildings with utmost care and determines how much capital must be required to renovate and to transform it as per the trends. Then he make calculation that a PNE can easily afford to pay and he imposes some offers on the calculate amount. That that person who was buyer, renovator and transformer once, becomes the negotiators but never goes beyond the original calculation as he stays aware about the fact he can lose money. If the vendor is happy then by selling the PNE then everyone else become happy. If that vendor do make it happen better then its fine too (Ramping up your skills for cross-cu ltural negotiation, 2010). Hence, is can be easily depicted that there are three steps to have a successful negotiation: My own business objectives. Other persons objective or viewpoints. Basis for negotiation. Conclusion: In negotiation it is highly required to discover whether there is any kind of possibility that I am able to reach up to a satisfactory level of agreement with other parties, whether my requirements as well as other parties requirements are getting satisfied or not. For example a seller will look for the opportunities to maximize the sale price, as he cannot go below the actual price level. On the other hand buyers will also look for the opportunity to minimise the purchase price though purchase price can be maximised up to a level above which it is not possible to buy or to make agreements. References Aldhizer, III, G. (2015). Small Firm Audit Partner Hiring Crisis: A Role Play for Critical Thinking and Negotiation Skills. Issues in Accounting Education, p.150327130035002. Dygert, C. and Van Rennes, R. (2015). Building Your Licensing and Negotiation Skills Toolkit. The Serials Librarian, 68(1-4), pp.17-25. Intense School, (2014). Effective Negotiation Skills In Project Management - Intense School. [online] Available at: https://resources.intenseschool.com/effective-negotiation-skills-in-project-management/ [Accessed 29 Jun. 2015]. Ramping up your skills for cross-cultural negotiation. (2010). Leader to Leader, 2010(56), pp.60-61. Trainanddevelop.co.uk, (2015). Negotiation Skills for Managers. [online] Available at: https://www.trainanddevelop.co.uk/courses/negotiation-skills-for-managers-c32 [Accessed 29 Jun. 2015]. Walsh, K. (2015). Negotiation Skills for Medical Educators. Journal of Graduate Medical Education, 7(1), pp.12-13.

Young Americans And The Role They Play Essays -

Young Americans And The Role They Play Ever since the United States decided to have a president, there has always been controversy on how to elect the right leader of our country. We will be looking at the qualifications such as: accomplishments, experiences in education, government, military, political and world views, and character needed in a person to be the best leader possible to represent this country. What qualifications should be used in electing a president? There are many qualifications that should be met in order to be elected the president. He/she must have a good educational background, show evidence of accomplishments, experience in government and military, policy expertise, and he/she must have good character. Accomplishments and experience are two important qualifications to look for in a presidential candidate. He/she must have a good educational background to be able to lead our whole country. Everyday he/she would be facing numerous problems and obstacles. The president must know the smartest thing to do in every situation. They must know the difference between resolutions that last short amounts of time and ones that will continue to help our country far into the future. A presidential candidate must also show evidence of accomplishments throughout their life and most importantly have experience in the government. Experience in military is also a big advantage in a candidate. Theyd have knowledge and experience in situations of war if it were to arise. These skills in a president would greatly assist him/her to do a better job running the country. Probably the most controversial quality a president could have would have to be his/her political views on our country, along with the role it plays with the rest of the world. When a candidate speaks about how he/she is going to change the country, the audience can make or break the candidate. Even though there is going to be some people that dont agree with what the president says, the majority of the people agree on certain issues that the president focuses on. The candidate should have knowledge on what the public wants and their opinions on the world, but should also keep their views as close to their own as possible. Along with focusing on our own countrys problems he/she must also focus on what is going on around the world and how it will or may affect our own country. The candidate must be able to convince the public that he/she can resolve our countrys problems and improve it in any way possible. Even though character may not be the most important quality the citizens of this country have made electing a president into a popularity contest. What really should count though is the candidates true character rather than how the public perceives him/her. So how would you know a candidates true character without actually knowing them personally? I feel the best judgement of character comes from knowledge of their past. Some good things to aide you with this knowledge would be how the candidate did in school, what they did with their lives, how they get along with family members and friends, and their willingness to help others. Character to me is the qualities that make up a person, good and bad. If a person inspires to become president his/her character should consist of many good qualities. A leader should be honest, caring but also strict, loyal, he/she must set a good example for people to follow, ambition and desire to improve our country in any way possible, and he/she must b e moral and ethical. Those are just a few characteristics needed in a person if they are to make a good president. For example, our current president Clinton, in my opinion has been a good one. He has done many things to improve our country and as president for eight years hes gotten a lot done. However as a result of some bad character choices he is probably disliked by most of the public and will be looked back at as a joke to our country. Good character is an important value and it should play a part in the voters decision. Though it shouldnt be the deciding factor. The topics Ive discussed in this paper are all very important

Ellen essays

Ellen essays Ellen was born on December 11, 1849, and died on April 25, 1926. Born into a wealthy family, Ellen Key enjoyed the benefits of a good education. When her father became a liberal member of the Swedish parliament, Ellen gained a solid political foundation. She began teaching in Stockholm in the late 1870s and soon after began lecturing on social issues. Ellen's views were decidedly pro-woman, although some early feminists bridled against the great value Ellen attached to motherhood and to issues such as legal protection of women and children. In many ways, Ellen idealized the role of women as mothers. In her view, women had great potential as advocates of peace as they raised and educated the next generation. Believing motherhood to be a fundamental pillar of society, she argued that women should stay at home to bring up their children. Women without children, however, should enter the political arena in the role of peacemakers and peacekeepers. In 1900, Ellen published a ground-breaking book, The Century of the Child that explained her views on education and family. Key promoted a "new school" that would really prepare children for life, by adapting to the children's own world and creating a learning experience through their own activity. An important aspect of The Century of the Child was the book's plea for a more active role of the parents. In Key's view, the school ought not to do what parents could easily do themselves: she argued that in some respects, home education might be preferred to school education. In general, she urged parents to give more attention to their children. In this respect, her views fitted in a long tradition of pedagogical criticism of parents' behavior. The great value she attached to motherhood, and consequently to issues such as legal protection of women and children, brought her in conflict with some other early-1900s feminists, although in fact she shared many feminist ideals such as w...

Plan an effective IT infrastructure based on the needs of an Essay

Plan an effective IT infrastructure based on the needs of an organization - Essay Example Despite their growing popularity, cable companies have encountered huge costs of replacing their local loop cables with fiber optic cables to attain high bandwidths. There only demerit is its decreased throughput resulting from concentrated connections within a geographical area. Unlike other connections, cable companies use DOCSI v3 specifications. T-1 and T-3 are a form of leased line connection capable of attaining a data and voice speed of 1.5Mbps and 45Mbps respectively. The difference in speeds translates to a drastic cost implication for the latter. As compared to other forms of internet connection, leased line service are generally more expensive. The only advantage over other networks is its ability to provide permanent and active data connection without the need for dial up services. In addition, T-1 networks can be customized. With a 24 individual telephone and data line at 56kps, it provides a flexible data rate as per the user needs. Dial up connections require a telephone line to establish a server connection. A â€Å"dial up†number provides a link that initiates the connection process. It is the cheapest of all the services. However, the speed and stability provides a challenge. With a maximum speed of 56Kps it lags behind compared to other technologies. An improvement of the dial up connection resulted in ISDN. ISDN uses a circuit switch and a dedicated line. ISDN allows parallel data and telephone transmission (Laan, 2011). Frame relay, just like ATM provides high speed, packet-switched service for sending data between two local or long-distant regions. Both are layer 2 protocal meaning that they can be used in a twisted pair and fiber optic cable. However ATM differ from frame relay in a number of ways. ATM incorporates a mechanism where data is sent in a small 53-byte packages referred to as cells. This splitting of cells into small packages promotes efficient data

Week 5 Student Blog Post Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Week 5 Student Blog Post - Assignment Example Her neighbor represents the male gender and he is a popular football quarterback in the video (Taylor). According to the video, despite the girl being smart and talented, she has managed to acquire high academic achievements but not happy for her joy depends on earning the boy’s love. This is evident in the way she constantly tries to capture the boy’s attention but he does not seem to notice her. Just as Karloff said, cultural images enforce the notion that women depend on romance for happiness. In the minds of the youthful viewers, the will then learn from the video that the only way to be happy is to get involved in a heterosexual relationship (Boosalis, & Golombisky 25). This videos tends to bring out the perception than men are powerful and women whereas the female gender inferior. In addition, the cultural images of the video portray that women are subordinate to men in the society since Swift in the video relies on the relationship between her and the boy for happiness (Boosalis, & Golombisky 23). The consumers of these images who mostly may be adolescents and most especially girls need guidance and should be critical when deciding how they conduct their normal life experiences with cultural representation from the video images

The relationship between humanity and the rest of creation Essay Example for Free

The relationship between humanity and the rest of creation Essay a. Describe the teachings of the religion of which you are studying about the relationship between humanity and the rest of creation. Christianity teaches that God created the Earth and that human beings are the stewards who should protect the gift they have been given. The relationship between humanity and the rest of creation is not a simple one. To look at Christian teachings on this relationship, the state of creation must first be examined. Yet, despite human beings being seen as the most intelligent life form and having responsibility for the Earth, many of the problems facing the planet are mainly due to human activity. Stories and headlines featuring pollution, global warming, over flowing landfills and the extinction of both animals and plants are, unfortunately, no longer uncommon. These problems are not confined to the UK and are, in fact, happening worldwide. Global warming is one of main problems. There are thin layers of gas that surround the Earth which keep in enough heat from the sun for the Earth to be at a perfect temperature, however, a build up of carbon dioxide from sources such as cars, is causing the layers surrounding the Earth to get thicker so more heat is being trapped causing the temperature to rise. Temperature rise will cause polar ice caps to melt and sea levels to increase causing flooding, storms and hurricanes, resulting in loss of human life. Christianitys teachings on humanitys responsibility for the environment seem to be having little effect as the world is facing huge problems. The Christian story of creation can be found in the first two chapters of Genesis, in the Bible. These chapters describe how God created the Earth, from nothing, in 7 days, and it was on the 7th day that he rested. After creating the Earth, the sky, the seas and plants, God made birds and fish on the fifth day and animals and humans on the sixth day So God created man in his own image, in the image of God he created him; male and female he created them. (Genesis 1:27) Although the Bible often gives more than one opinion on some subjects it is clear when it comes to expressing the view that God created the world. The Bible teaches that the Universe is Gods creation, not an accident, and that it is filled with meaning and purpose. The Old Testament, in particular, reflects these ideas. O Lord our God, your greatness is seen in all the worldWhen I look at the sky, which you have made, at the moon and stars which you have set in their places ( Psalm 8:1,3) And again in Psalm: In his hands are the depths of the depths of Earth, and the mountain peaks belong to him. The sea is His, for he made it, and his hands formed the dry land. (Psalm 95; 3- 6) It can be seen therefore, that the Psalm teaches that God made the Earth but the people have the task to keep it how it was created. Despite the New Testament not giving the same emphasis to God creating the world, it still shows that he did. Look at the birds in the air; they do not sow or reap or store away in barns and yet your heavenly father feeds them. (Matthew 6: 26) Christianity teaches that Christians, as stewards, have the responsibility to look after the Earth because God put people in charge of the world. A steward is someone who takes care of things and is responsible when things go wrong. Therefore, Christians have the job of caring for the planet and they should try to put things right when they go wrong. The story of Adam and Eve in Genesis acts a reminder to Christians that humanity has been given the role of stewards. In the story of Adam and Eve God provided a perfect environment for them but it was their responsibility of taking care of it. Then the lord God placed the man in the Garden of Eden to cultivate it and guard it. (Genesis 2:15) When Adam and Eve disobeyed Gods orders and they ate the fruit on the tree of knowledge, they were banished from the garden. The story of Adam and Eve is often compared with todays situation; people are abusing the resources given to them by God. In the Bible it says And God saw it was good (Genesis 1:1) This suggests that when the world was created by God it was perfect so clearly todays problems have been caused by human activity and their disregard for the planet. There is Biblical evidence to show that humans were asked to take care of the planet. For example, in the Old Testament after crops had been harvested the fields were allowed to rest for a certain period of time so that the soil could replenish itself. They Jews were also told not to destroy trees when attacking a city. When you lay siege to a city for a long time, fighting against it to capture it, do not destroy its trees by putting an axe to them, because you can eat their fruit. Do not cut them down. Are the trees of the field people, that you should besiege them?'(Deuteronomy 20:19) Pope John Paul II said this Look to the future with hope and set out with renewed vigour to make this new millennium a time of solidarity and peace, of love for life and respect for Gods creation. The Assisi Declaration was made on the 29th September 1986 when Christian leaders joined leaders from the other 5 major world religions, in Assisi, to declare their promise for nature. The meeting was held in Assisi in honour of St. Francis, who lived there in the 13th century, because he preached about conservation and described all creatures as his brothers and sisters. The Declaration on Nature, Assisi, (1986) said: Christians repudiate all ill-considered exploitation of nature which threatens to destroy it and, in turn, to make man the victim of degradation. This shows that some Christians do want to take care of the world and protect it from catastrophe. To conclude, Christians are the Stewards of the world and should take responsibility for their actions because humans have been clearly given this power.

All My Sons: Millers Chief Criticism Of American Society Essay examples

All My Sons: Miller's Chief Criticism Of American Society A shot was heard throughout the Keller home as Joe ended his guilty, worthless life. Miller criticizes that American society has become corrupt- a place of selfishness, where people care too much about themselves, and that which benefits them, and will go to any lengths to achieve that goal; even if the repercussions of their actions will bring harm to other people. He stresses that money seems to be the key factor that drives society to this level of corruption. Miller emphasizes this point in several ways. The first example is that Keller knowingly ships out cracked cylinder heads, that will crash an airplane if used, to prevent his business from going bankrupt, claiming that he did it for his family. The second example is that Sue would rather Jim make allot of money, and not do medical research- which is what he really wanted to do. The third example is Jim's abdication of his pursuit of medical research do to the lack of profit involved. In his play "All My Sons," Miller makes it apparent that society in general values money and profit more than human life. He shows this by his portrayal of Keller. Keller ships out cracked cylinder heads, aware that in flight they will cause planes to crash, to save his business from being shut down. Furthermore, he goes on to allow the blame to fall on Steve, in order to save hims...

Skeletal Muscle Undergoes Repair and Regenaration Throughout

|21 | Coursework R: Mini-Review Topic Selected: Topic 2: â€Å"Skeletal muscle undergoes repair and regenaration throughout normal life. Write a review on the processes involved, emphasizing the role of satellite cells. † Muscle Cell Regeneration and the Impact of Ageing Introduction: Throughout normal life, skeletal muscles undergo repair and regeneration in response to injury through a process involving several sequential steps. A very important role in this regeneration is played by satellite cells, which are small mononuclear progenitor cells found in mature muscle tissues.In this review, we are going to explore the consequences of ageing in satellite cell numbers and their ability to maintain and preserve muscle tissue. Steps involved when skeletal muscle is damaged: The homeostatic process that allows muscle regeneration in response to an injury stimulus, involves four interrelated steps: degeneration, inflammation, regeneration and remodelling repair. When myofibers are damaged, extracellular calcium flows into the cell, initiating proteolysis, which causes necrosis.The necrosis of myofibers brings about an inflammatory response where neutrophils and macrophages infiltrate the injured site. Neutrophils are the first to arrive; they remove cell debris by releasing free radicals and proteases as well as secreting pro-inflammatory cytokines that stimulate the arrival of macrophages. There two different classes of macrophages arriving at the injured site: M1 (expressing CD68) and M2 (expressing CD163). The M1 class is responsible for producing a high concentration of pro-inflammatory cytokines, which promote further tissue inflammation.Arriving next, is the M2 class of macrophages that induce angiogenesis and tissue remodelling and repair, by activating stem cells. This phase of inflammation is critical to the muscle regeneration process. Experiments have shown that if the inflammation response is inhibited, then muscle repair cannot occur at all. Nev ertheless, there must be a balance between insufficient and excessive inflammation response. The regenerative phase is achieved by the activation, proliferation and differentiation of satellite cells that fuse together to form multinucleated myotubes.This is regulated by the presence of a number of growth factors such as insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1), hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) and others. The final phase of the regenerative process is ‘remodelling and repair’ and it involves the remodelling of connective tissue, angiogenesis and functional recovery of the skeletal muscle. How does this happen? Well, once the muscle is injured, there is an excessive production of collagens that promote scar tissue to form.This is so-called fibrosis formation is activated by transforming growth factor-? 1 (TGF-? 1), which plays a major role in this cascade. This phase is over once the injured muscle has been replaced by a functional and contractile apparatus. Figure 1: [pic] F ig. 1 shows the steps involved for a satellite cell to form a myotube. (www. bioscience. org) The role of satellite cells: Satellite cells (identified using electron microscopy) are located under the basal lamina and are a type of muscle stem cells.They are present in muscle tissue in the quiescent form and can be activated by both physiological stimuli (such as extensive exercise), as well as pathological conditions (injury or degenerative disease). Their main function is to create a population of myoblasts that can fuse with each other or with other myofibers and differentiate, so as to repair muscle tissue. Both quiescent and active satellite cells express the transcription factor Pax-7 that is thought to drive transcription and maintain proliferation.Even though the role of Pax-7 is not completely understood, it is evident that without it, we would not have satellite cells. In fact, an experiment showed that mice lacking Pax-7, did not survive beyond 2 weeks. In addition, activa ted satellite cells express a protein called myogenic regulatory factor (MyoD), which is a crucial factor in regulating the differentiation of muscle cells. Impact of ageing in muscle degeneration: Hypothetically, even though the number of satellite cells decreases with age, the few cells remaining should be enough to initiate the regenerative mechanism.However, experiments have shown that the surrounding tissue and systemic environment to which the satellite cells were placed, were far more important factors for muscle regeneration than the number of cells present. This hypothesis was supported by the fact that old muscle tissue could be regenerated when it was placed in a young animal, but the opposite did not occur. Therefore, the hypothesis that the decrease in satellite cell numbers due to ageing was the major factor that affected regeneration was proved to be wrong. Figure 2: [pic] Fig. illustrates the difference between a normal myofiber and a regenerating myofiber. (www. bio science. org) Conclusion: All in all, sarcopenia alters the regeneration and repair of muscle, which can cause structural abnormalities. Ageing causes a dramatic decrease in satellite cell numbers and reduces their ability to repair damaged muscle. Even though young stem cells applied to aged or damaged skeletal muscle seem to be promising for therapeutic applications, we must gain a better understanding of satellite cell biology in order to use regenerative medicine to treat sarcopenia.Bibliography: Carosio, S. , Berardinelli, M. G. , Aucello, M. , Musaro, A. (2011) Ageing research reviews. Impact of ageing on muscle cell regeneration. 10: 35-42 Kierszenbaum, A. L. , (2007) Histology and cell biology: An introduction to pathology (2nd Ed. ). Philadelphia: Mosby. 7: 197-210 Crowe, J. , Brdashaw, T. (2010) Chemistry for the Biosciences. The essential concepts. (2nd Ed) Oxford University Press. 9(3): 270-272 Satellite Cells. [Online]. Available from: http://www. brown. edu/Courses/BI0 032/adltstem/sc. tm [Accessed 6 December 2011] Zammit, S. P. , et al (2006) Pax7 and myogenic progression in skeletal muscle satellite cells. [Online]. Available from: http://jcs. biologists. org/content/119/9/1824 [Accessed 7 December 2011] Seime, A. , Caron, A. Z. , Gremier, G. (2009) Frontiers in Biosciences:Advances in myogenic cell transplantation and skeletal muscle tissue engineering. [Online]. Available from: http://www. bioscience. org/2009/v14/af/3431/fulltext. asp? bframe=figures. htm&doi=yes [Accessed 7 December 2011] Word count: 747

Do Maps Create or Represent Reality

Have you ever stopped and really looked at a map? I’m not talking about consulting the coffee-stained map that makes its home in your glove compartment; I’m talking about really looking at a map, exploring it, questioning it. If you were to do so, you would see that maps differ distinctly from the reality that they depict. We all know that the world is round. It is approximately 27,000 miles in circumference and home to billions of people. But on a map, the world is changed from a sphere into a rectangular plane and shrunken down to fit on an 8  ½Ã¢â‚¬  by 11† piece of paper, major highways are reduced to measly lines on a page, and the greatest cities in the world are diminished to mere dots. This is not the reality of the world, but rather what the mapmaker and his or her map are telling us is real. The question is: â€Å"Do maps create or represent reality?† A Representation, Not a Mirror The fact that maps distort reality cannot be denied. It is absolutely impossible to depict a round earth on a flat surface without sacrificing at least some accuracy. In fact, a map can only be accurate in one of four domains: shape, area, distance, or direction. And in modifying any of these, our perception of the earth is affected. There is currently a debate raging over which commonly used map projection is the â€Å"best† projection. Among a multitude of options, there are a few that stand out as the most recognized projections; these include the Mercator, the Peters, the Robinson, and the Goode’s, among others. In all fairness, each of these projections has its strong points. The Mercator is used for navigation purposes because great circles appear as straight lines on maps utilizing this projection. In doing so, however, this projection is forced to distort the area of any given landmass relative to other landmasses. The Peters projection combats this area distortion by sacrificing accuracy of shape, distance, and direction. While this projection is less useful than the Mercator in some respects, those who support it say that the Mercator is unfair in that it depicts landmasses in the high latitudes as being much larger than they really are in relation to landmasses in the lower latitudes. The y claim that this creates a sense of superiority among people who inhabit North America and Europe, areas that are already among the most powerful in the world. The Robinson and the Goode’s projections, on the other hand, are a compromise between these two extremes and they are commonly used for general reference maps. Both projections sacrifice absolute accuracy in any particular domain in order to be relatively accurate in all domains. Is this an example of maps â€Å"creating reality†? The answer to that question depends on how we choose to define reality. Reality could either be described as the physical actuality of the world, or it could be the perceived truth that exists in peoples’ minds. Despite the concrete, factual basis that can prove the verity or the falsehood of the former, the latter may very well be the more powerful of the two. If it weren’t, those - such as human rights activists and certain religious organizations - who argue in favor of the Peters projection over the Mercator would not be putting up such a fight. They realize that how people understand the truth is often just as important as the truth itself, and they believe that the Peters projection’s areal accuracy is - as the Friendship Press claims - â€Å"fair to all peoples.† The Symbolism in Maps Much of the reason that maps so often go unquestioned is that they have become so scientific and â€Å"artless. Modern mapmaking techniques and equipment have served to make maps seem like objective, trustworthy resources, when, in fact, they are as biased and conventional as ever. The conventions - or the symbols that are used on maps and the biases that they promote - that maps make use of have been accepted and utilized to the point that they have become all but invisible to the casual map observer. For example, when we look at maps, we don’t usually have to think too much about what the symbols represent; we know that little black lines represent roads and dots represent towns and cities. This is why maps are so powerful. Mapmakers are able to display what they want how they want and not be questioned. The best way to see how mapmakers and their maps are forced to alter the image of the world - and therefore our perceived reality - is to try and imagine a map that shows the world exactly as it is, a map that employs no human conventions. Try to envision a map that doesn’t show the world oriented in a particular manner. North is not up or down, east isn’t to the right or left. This map has not been scaled to make anything bigger or smaller than it is in reality; it is exactly the size and shape of the land that it depicts. There are no lines that have been drawn on this map to show the location and course of roads or rivers. The landmasses are not all green, and the water is not all blue. Oceans, lakes, countries, towns, and cities are unlabeled. All distances, shapes, areas, and directions are correct. There is no grid showing latitude or longitude. This is an impossible task. The only representation of the earth that fits all of these criteria is the earth itself. No map can do all of these things. And because they must lie, they are forced to create a sense of reality that is different from the tangible, physical actuality of the earth. It’s strange to think that nobody will ever be able to see the entire earth at any given moment in time. Even an astronaut looking at the earth from space will only be able to see half of the earth’s surface at any particular instant. Because maps are the only way that most of us will ever be able to see the earth before our eyes - and that any of us will ever see the entire world before our eyes - they play an immensely important part in shaping our views of the world. Although the lies that a map tells may be unavoidable, they are lies nonetheless, each one influencing the way that we think about the world. They do not create or alter the physical reality of the earth, but our perceived reality is shaped - in large part - by maps. How Maps Represent Physical and the Social Realities The second, and just as valid, answer to our question is that maps represent reality. According to Dr. Klaus Bayr, a geography professor at Keene State College in Keene, NH, a map is â€Å"a symbolized representation of the earth, parts of the earth, or a planet, drawn to scale†¦on a flat surface.† This definition states clearly that a map represents the reality of the earth. But merely stating this viewpoint means nothing if we can’t back it up. It can be said that maps represent reality for several reasons. First, the fact is that no matter how much credit we give maps, they really mean nothing if there isn’t a reality to back it up; the reality is more important than the depiction. Second, although maps portray things that we can’t necessarily see on the face of the earth (e.g. political boundaries), these things do in fact exist apart from the map. The map is simply illustrating what exists in the world. Third and last is the fact that every map portrays the earth in a different way. Not every map can be a totally faithful representation of the earth since each of them shows something different. Maps - as we are examining them - are â€Å"symbolized representation[s] of the earth.† They depict characteristics of the earth that are real and that are - in most cases - tangible. If we wanted to, we could find the area of the earth that any given map depicts. If I were to choose to do so, I could pick up a USGS topographic map at the bookstore down the street and then I could go out and find the actual hill that the wavy lines in the northeast corner of the map represent. I can find the reality behind the map. All maps represent some component of the reality of the earth. This is what gives them such authority; this is why we trust them. We trust that they are faithful, objective depictions of some place on the earth. And we trust that there is a reality that will back up that depiction. If we did not believe that there were some verity and legitimacy behind the map - in the form of an actual place on the earth - would we trust them? Would we place value on them? Of course not. The sole reason behind the trust that humans place on maps is the belief that that map is a faithful representation of some part of the earth. There are, however, certain things that exist on maps but that don’t physically exist on the surface of the earth. Take New Hampshire, for example. What is New Hampshire? Why is it where it is? The truth is that New Hampshire isn’t some natural phenomenon; humans didn’t stumble across it and recognize that this was New Hampshire. It is a human idea. In a way, it may be just as accurate to call New Hampshire a state of mind as it is to call it a political statement. So how can we show New Hampshire as a physically real thing on a map? How are we able to draw a line following the course of the Connecticut River and categorically state that the land to the west of this line is Vermont but the land on the east is New Hampshire? This border isn’t a tangible feature of the earth; it’s an idea. But even in spite of this, we can find New Hampshire on maps. This would seem like a hole in the theory that maps represent reality, but in fact, it is just the opposite. The thing about maps is that they not only show that land simply exists, they also represent the relationship between any given place and the world around it. In the case of New Hampshire, nobody is going to argue that there is land in the state that we know as New Hampshire; nobody will argue with the fact that the land exists. What the maps are telling us is that this particular piece of land is New Hampshire, in the same way that certain places on the earth are hills, others are oceans, and still others are open fields, rivers, or glaciers. Maps tell us how a certain place on the earth fits into the bigger picture. They show us which part of the puzzle a particular place is. New Hampshire exists. It isn’t tangible; we can’t touch it. But it exists. There are similarities among all of the places that fit together to form what we know as New Hampshire. There are laws that apply in the state of New Hampshire. Cars have license plates from New Hampshire. Maps don’t define that New Hampshire exists, but they do give us a representation of New Hampshire’s place in the world. The way that maps are able to do this is through conventions. These are the human-imposed ideas that are evident on maps but which cannot be found on the land itself. Examples of conventions include orientation, projection, and symbolization and generalization. Each of these must be utilized in order to create a map of the world, but - at the same time - they are each human constructs. For example, on every map of the world, there will be a compass that tells which direction on the map is north, south, east, or west. On most maps made in the northern hemisphere, these compasses show that north is at the top of the map. In contrast to this, some maps made in the southern hemisphere show south at the top of the map. The truth is that both of these ideas are totally arbitrary. I could make a map that shows north being in the lower left-hand corner of the page and be just as correct as if I said north was at the top or bottom. The earth itself has no real orientation. It simply exists in space. The idea of orientation is one that had been imposed on the world by humans and humans alone. Similar to being able to orient a map however they choose to, mapmakers can also utilize any one of a vast array of projections to make a map of the world, and none of these projections is any better than the next one; as we have already seen, each projection has its strong points and its weak points. But for each projection, this strong point - this accuracy - is slightly different. For example, the Mercator portrays directions accurately, the Peters portrays area accurately, and azimuthal equidistant maps display distance from any given point accurately. Yet maps made using each of these projections are considered to be accurate representations of the earth. The reason for this is that maps are not expected to represent every characteristic of the world with 100% accuracy. It is understood that every map is going to have to dismiss or ignore some truths in order to tell others. In the case of projections, some are forced to ignore areal accuracy in order to show directional accurac y and vice versa. Which truths are chosen to be told depends solely on the intended use of the map. Representing the Intangible As mapmakers have to utilize orientation and projection in order to represent the surface of the earth on a map, so they must also use symbols. It would be impossible to put the actual characteristics of the earth (e.g. highways, rivers, thriving cities, etc.) on a map, so mapmakers utilize symbols in order to represent those characteristics. For example, on a map of the world, Washington D.C., Moscow, and Cairo all appear as small, identical stars, as each is the capital of its respective country. Now, we all know that these cities are not, in fact, small red stars. And we know that these cities are not all identical. But on a map, they are depicted as such. As is true with projection, we must be willing to accept that maps cannot be completely accurate depictions of the land that is being represented on the map. As we saw earlier, the only thing that can be a totally accurate representation of the earth is the earth itself. Throughout our examination of maps as both creators and representations of reality, the underlying theme has been this: maps are only able to represent truth and fact by lying. It is impossible to depict the huge, round earth on a flat and relatively small surface without sacrificing at least some accuracy. And though this is often seen as a drawback of maps, I would argue that it is one of the benefits. The earth, as a physical entity, simply exists. Any purpose that we see in the world through a map is one that has been imposed by humans. This is the sole reason for maps’ existence. They exist to show us something about the world, not to simply show us the world. They can illustrate any multitude of things, from migration patterns of Canadian geese to fluctuations in the earth’s gravitational field, but every map must show us something about the earth upon which we live. Maps lie, to tell the truth. They lie in order to make a point.