All My Sons: Millers Chief Criticism Of American Society Essay examples

All My Sons: Miller's Chief Criticism Of American Society A shot was heard throughout the Keller home as Joe ended his guilty, worthless life. Miller criticizes that American society has become corrupt- a place of selfishness, where people care too much about themselves, and that which benefits them, and will go to any lengths to achieve that goal; even if the repercussions of their actions will bring harm to other people. He stresses that money seems to be the key factor that drives society to this level of corruption. Miller emphasizes this point in several ways. The first example is that Keller knowingly ships out cracked cylinder heads, that will crash an airplane if used, to prevent his business from going bankrupt, claiming that he did it for his family. The second example is that Sue would rather Jim make allot of money, and not do medical research- which is what he really wanted to do. The third example is Jim's abdication of his pursuit of medical research do to the lack of profit involved. In his play "All My Sons," Miller makes it apparent that society in general values money and profit more than human life. He shows this by his portrayal of Keller. Keller ships out cracked cylinder heads, aware that in flight they will cause planes to crash, to save his business from being shut down. Furthermore, he goes on to allow the blame to fall on Steve, in order to save hims...

Skeletal Muscle Undergoes Repair and Regenaration Throughout

|21 | Coursework R: Mini-Review Topic Selected: Topic 2: â€Å"Skeletal muscle undergoes repair and regenaration throughout normal life. Write a review on the processes involved, emphasizing the role of satellite cells. † Muscle Cell Regeneration and the Impact of Ageing Introduction: Throughout normal life, skeletal muscles undergo repair and regeneration in response to injury through a process involving several sequential steps. A very important role in this regeneration is played by satellite cells, which are small mononuclear progenitor cells found in mature muscle tissues.In this review, we are going to explore the consequences of ageing in satellite cell numbers and their ability to maintain and preserve muscle tissue. Steps involved when skeletal muscle is damaged: The homeostatic process that allows muscle regeneration in response to an injury stimulus, involves four interrelated steps: degeneration, inflammation, regeneration and remodelling repair. When myofibers are damaged, extracellular calcium flows into the cell, initiating proteolysis, which causes necrosis.The necrosis of myofibers brings about an inflammatory response where neutrophils and macrophages infiltrate the injured site. Neutrophils are the first to arrive; they remove cell debris by releasing free radicals and proteases as well as secreting pro-inflammatory cytokines that stimulate the arrival of macrophages. There two different classes of macrophages arriving at the injured site: M1 (expressing CD68) and M2 (expressing CD163). The M1 class is responsible for producing a high concentration of pro-inflammatory cytokines, which promote further tissue inflammation.Arriving next, is the M2 class of macrophages that induce angiogenesis and tissue remodelling and repair, by activating stem cells. This phase of inflammation is critical to the muscle regeneration process. Experiments have shown that if the inflammation response is inhibited, then muscle repair cannot occur at all. Nev ertheless, there must be a balance between insufficient and excessive inflammation response. The regenerative phase is achieved by the activation, proliferation and differentiation of satellite cells that fuse together to form multinucleated myotubes.This is regulated by the presence of a number of growth factors such as insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1), hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) and others. The final phase of the regenerative process is ‘remodelling and repair’ and it involves the remodelling of connective tissue, angiogenesis and functional recovery of the skeletal muscle. How does this happen? Well, once the muscle is injured, there is an excessive production of collagens that promote scar tissue to form.This is so-called fibrosis formation is activated by transforming growth factor-? 1 (TGF-? 1), which plays a major role in this cascade. This phase is over once the injured muscle has been replaced by a functional and contractile apparatus. Figure 1: [pic] F ig. 1 shows the steps involved for a satellite cell to form a myotube. (www. bioscience. org) The role of satellite cells: Satellite cells (identified using electron microscopy) are located under the basal lamina and are a type of muscle stem cells.They are present in muscle tissue in the quiescent form and can be activated by both physiological stimuli (such as extensive exercise), as well as pathological conditions (injury or degenerative disease). Their main function is to create a population of myoblasts that can fuse with each other or with other myofibers and differentiate, so as to repair muscle tissue. Both quiescent and active satellite cells express the transcription factor Pax-7 that is thought to drive transcription and maintain proliferation.Even though the role of Pax-7 is not completely understood, it is evident that without it, we would not have satellite cells. In fact, an experiment showed that mice lacking Pax-7, did not survive beyond 2 weeks. In addition, activa ted satellite cells express a protein called myogenic regulatory factor (MyoD), which is a crucial factor in regulating the differentiation of muscle cells. Impact of ageing in muscle degeneration: Hypothetically, even though the number of satellite cells decreases with age, the few cells remaining should be enough to initiate the regenerative mechanism.However, experiments have shown that the surrounding tissue and systemic environment to which the satellite cells were placed, were far more important factors for muscle regeneration than the number of cells present. This hypothesis was supported by the fact that old muscle tissue could be regenerated when it was placed in a young animal, but the opposite did not occur. Therefore, the hypothesis that the decrease in satellite cell numbers due to ageing was the major factor that affected regeneration was proved to be wrong. Figure 2: [pic] Fig. illustrates the difference between a normal myofiber and a regenerating myofiber. (www. bio science. org) Conclusion: All in all, sarcopenia alters the regeneration and repair of muscle, which can cause structural abnormalities. Ageing causes a dramatic decrease in satellite cell numbers and reduces their ability to repair damaged muscle. Even though young stem cells applied to aged or damaged skeletal muscle seem to be promising for therapeutic applications, we must gain a better understanding of satellite cell biology in order to use regenerative medicine to treat sarcopenia.Bibliography: Carosio, S. , Berardinelli, M. G. , Aucello, M. , Musaro, A. (2011) Ageing research reviews. Impact of ageing on muscle cell regeneration. 10: 35-42 Kierszenbaum, A. L. , (2007) Histology and cell biology: An introduction to pathology (2nd Ed. ). Philadelphia: Mosby. 7: 197-210 Crowe, J. , Brdashaw, T. (2010) Chemistry for the Biosciences. The essential concepts. (2nd Ed) Oxford University Press. 9(3): 270-272 Satellite Cells. [Online]. Available from: http://www. brown. edu/Courses/BI0 032/adltstem/sc. tm [Accessed 6 December 2011] Zammit, S. P. , et al (2006) Pax7 and myogenic progression in skeletal muscle satellite cells. [Online]. Available from: http://jcs. biologists. org/content/119/9/1824 [Accessed 7 December 2011] Seime, A. , Caron, A. Z. , Gremier, G. (2009) Frontiers in Biosciences:Advances in myogenic cell transplantation and skeletal muscle tissue engineering. [Online]. Available from: http://www. bioscience. org/2009/v14/af/3431/fulltext. asp? bframe=figures. htm&doi=yes [Accessed 7 December 2011] Word count: 747

Do Maps Create or Represent Reality

Have you ever stopped and really looked at a map? I’m not talking about consulting the coffee-stained map that makes its home in your glove compartment; I’m talking about really looking at a map, exploring it, questioning it. If you were to do so, you would see that maps differ distinctly from the reality that they depict. We all know that the world is round. It is approximately 27,000 miles in circumference and home to billions of people. But on a map, the world is changed from a sphere into a rectangular plane and shrunken down to fit on an 8  ½Ã¢â‚¬  by 11† piece of paper, major highways are reduced to measly lines on a page, and the greatest cities in the world are diminished to mere dots. This is not the reality of the world, but rather what the mapmaker and his or her map are telling us is real. The question is: â€Å"Do maps create or represent reality?† A Representation, Not a Mirror The fact that maps distort reality cannot be denied. It is absolutely impossible to depict a round earth on a flat surface without sacrificing at least some accuracy. In fact, a map can only be accurate in one of four domains: shape, area, distance, or direction. And in modifying any of these, our perception of the earth is affected. There is currently a debate raging over which commonly used map projection is the â€Å"best† projection. Among a multitude of options, there are a few that stand out as the most recognized projections; these include the Mercator, the Peters, the Robinson, and the Goode’s, among others. In all fairness, each of these projections has its strong points. The Mercator is used for navigation purposes because great circles appear as straight lines on maps utilizing this projection. In doing so, however, this projection is forced to distort the area of any given landmass relative to other landmasses. The Peters projection combats this area distortion by sacrificing accuracy of shape, distance, and direction. While this projection is less useful than the Mercator in some respects, those who support it say that the Mercator is unfair in that it depicts landmasses in the high latitudes as being much larger than they really are in relation to landmasses in the lower latitudes. The y claim that this creates a sense of superiority among people who inhabit North America and Europe, areas that are already among the most powerful in the world. The Robinson and the Goode’s projections, on the other hand, are a compromise between these two extremes and they are commonly used for general reference maps. Both projections sacrifice absolute accuracy in any particular domain in order to be relatively accurate in all domains. Is this an example of maps â€Å"creating reality†? The answer to that question depends on how we choose to define reality. Reality could either be described as the physical actuality of the world, or it could be the perceived truth that exists in peoples’ minds. Despite the concrete, factual basis that can prove the verity or the falsehood of the former, the latter may very well be the more powerful of the two. If it weren’t, those - such as human rights activists and certain religious organizations - who argue in favor of the Peters projection over the Mercator would not be putting up such a fight. They realize that how people understand the truth is often just as important as the truth itself, and they believe that the Peters projection’s areal accuracy is - as the Friendship Press claims - â€Å"fair to all peoples.† The Symbolism in Maps Much of the reason that maps so often go unquestioned is that they have become so scientific and â€Å"artless. Modern mapmaking techniques and equipment have served to make maps seem like objective, trustworthy resources, when, in fact, they are as biased and conventional as ever. The conventions - or the symbols that are used on maps and the biases that they promote - that maps make use of have been accepted and utilized to the point that they have become all but invisible to the casual map observer. For example, when we look at maps, we don’t usually have to think too much about what the symbols represent; we know that little black lines represent roads and dots represent towns and cities. This is why maps are so powerful. Mapmakers are able to display what they want how they want and not be questioned. The best way to see how mapmakers and their maps are forced to alter the image of the world - and therefore our perceived reality - is to try and imagine a map that shows the world exactly as it is, a map that employs no human conventions. Try to envision a map that doesn’t show the world oriented in a particular manner. North is not up or down, east isn’t to the right or left. This map has not been scaled to make anything bigger or smaller than it is in reality; it is exactly the size and shape of the land that it depicts. There are no lines that have been drawn on this map to show the location and course of roads or rivers. The landmasses are not all green, and the water is not all blue. Oceans, lakes, countries, towns, and cities are unlabeled. All distances, shapes, areas, and directions are correct. There is no grid showing latitude or longitude. This is an impossible task. The only representation of the earth that fits all of these criteria is the earth itself. No map can do all of these things. And because they must lie, they are forced to create a sense of reality that is different from the tangible, physical actuality of the earth. It’s strange to think that nobody will ever be able to see the entire earth at any given moment in time. Even an astronaut looking at the earth from space will only be able to see half of the earth’s surface at any particular instant. Because maps are the only way that most of us will ever be able to see the earth before our eyes - and that any of us will ever see the entire world before our eyes - they play an immensely important part in shaping our views of the world. Although the lies that a map tells may be unavoidable, they are lies nonetheless, each one influencing the way that we think about the world. They do not create or alter the physical reality of the earth, but our perceived reality is shaped - in large part - by maps. How Maps Represent Physical and the Social Realities The second, and just as valid, answer to our question is that maps represent reality. According to Dr. Klaus Bayr, a geography professor at Keene State College in Keene, NH, a map is â€Å"a symbolized representation of the earth, parts of the earth, or a planet, drawn to scale†¦on a flat surface.† This definition states clearly that a map represents the reality of the earth. But merely stating this viewpoint means nothing if we can’t back it up. It can be said that maps represent reality for several reasons. First, the fact is that no matter how much credit we give maps, they really mean nothing if there isn’t a reality to back it up; the reality is more important than the depiction. Second, although maps portray things that we can’t necessarily see on the face of the earth (e.g. political boundaries), these things do in fact exist apart from the map. The map is simply illustrating what exists in the world. Third and last is the fact that every map portrays the earth in a different way. Not every map can be a totally faithful representation of the earth since each of them shows something different. Maps - as we are examining them - are â€Å"symbolized representation[s] of the earth.† They depict characteristics of the earth that are real and that are - in most cases - tangible. If we wanted to, we could find the area of the earth that any given map depicts. If I were to choose to do so, I could pick up a USGS topographic map at the bookstore down the street and then I could go out and find the actual hill that the wavy lines in the northeast corner of the map represent. I can find the reality behind the map. All maps represent some component of the reality of the earth. This is what gives them such authority; this is why we trust them. We trust that they are faithful, objective depictions of some place on the earth. And we trust that there is a reality that will back up that depiction. If we did not believe that there were some verity and legitimacy behind the map - in the form of an actual place on the earth - would we trust them? Would we place value on them? Of course not. The sole reason behind the trust that humans place on maps is the belief that that map is a faithful representation of some part of the earth. There are, however, certain things that exist on maps but that don’t physically exist on the surface of the earth. Take New Hampshire, for example. What is New Hampshire? Why is it where it is? The truth is that New Hampshire isn’t some natural phenomenon; humans didn’t stumble across it and recognize that this was New Hampshire. It is a human idea. In a way, it may be just as accurate to call New Hampshire a state of mind as it is to call it a political statement. So how can we show New Hampshire as a physically real thing on a map? How are we able to draw a line following the course of the Connecticut River and categorically state that the land to the west of this line is Vermont but the land on the east is New Hampshire? This border isn’t a tangible feature of the earth; it’s an idea. But even in spite of this, we can find New Hampshire on maps. This would seem like a hole in the theory that maps represent reality, but in fact, it is just the opposite. The thing about maps is that they not only show that land simply exists, they also represent the relationship between any given place and the world around it. In the case of New Hampshire, nobody is going to argue that there is land in the state that we know as New Hampshire; nobody will argue with the fact that the land exists. What the maps are telling us is that this particular piece of land is New Hampshire, in the same way that certain places on the earth are hills, others are oceans, and still others are open fields, rivers, or glaciers. Maps tell us how a certain place on the earth fits into the bigger picture. They show us which part of the puzzle a particular place is. New Hampshire exists. It isn’t tangible; we can’t touch it. But it exists. There are similarities among all of the places that fit together to form what we know as New Hampshire. There are laws that apply in the state of New Hampshire. Cars have license plates from New Hampshire. Maps don’t define that New Hampshire exists, but they do give us a representation of New Hampshire’s place in the world. The way that maps are able to do this is through conventions. These are the human-imposed ideas that are evident on maps but which cannot be found on the land itself. Examples of conventions include orientation, projection, and symbolization and generalization. Each of these must be utilized in order to create a map of the world, but - at the same time - they are each human constructs. For example, on every map of the world, there will be a compass that tells which direction on the map is north, south, east, or west. On most maps made in the northern hemisphere, these compasses show that north is at the top of the map. In contrast to this, some maps made in the southern hemisphere show south at the top of the map. The truth is that both of these ideas are totally arbitrary. I could make a map that shows north being in the lower left-hand corner of the page and be just as correct as if I said north was at the top or bottom. The earth itself has no real orientation. It simply exists in space. The idea of orientation is one that had been imposed on the world by humans and humans alone. Similar to being able to orient a map however they choose to, mapmakers can also utilize any one of a vast array of projections to make a map of the world, and none of these projections is any better than the next one; as we have already seen, each projection has its strong points and its weak points. But for each projection, this strong point - this accuracy - is slightly different. For example, the Mercator portrays directions accurately, the Peters portrays area accurately, and azimuthal equidistant maps display distance from any given point accurately. Yet maps made using each of these projections are considered to be accurate representations of the earth. The reason for this is that maps are not expected to represent every characteristic of the world with 100% accuracy. It is understood that every map is going to have to dismiss or ignore some truths in order to tell others. In the case of projections, some are forced to ignore areal accuracy in order to show directional accurac y and vice versa. Which truths are chosen to be told depends solely on the intended use of the map. Representing the Intangible As mapmakers have to utilize orientation and projection in order to represent the surface of the earth on a map, so they must also use symbols. It would be impossible to put the actual characteristics of the earth (e.g. highways, rivers, thriving cities, etc.) on a map, so mapmakers utilize symbols in order to represent those characteristics. For example, on a map of the world, Washington D.C., Moscow, and Cairo all appear as small, identical stars, as each is the capital of its respective country. Now, we all know that these cities are not, in fact, small red stars. And we know that these cities are not all identical. But on a map, they are depicted as such. As is true with projection, we must be willing to accept that maps cannot be completely accurate depictions of the land that is being represented on the map. As we saw earlier, the only thing that can be a totally accurate representation of the earth is the earth itself. Throughout our examination of maps as both creators and representations of reality, the underlying theme has been this: maps are only able to represent truth and fact by lying. It is impossible to depict the huge, round earth on a flat and relatively small surface without sacrificing at least some accuracy. And though this is often seen as a drawback of maps, I would argue that it is one of the benefits. The earth, as a physical entity, simply exists. Any purpose that we see in the world through a map is one that has been imposed by humans. This is the sole reason for maps’ existence. They exist to show us something about the world, not to simply show us the world. They can illustrate any multitude of things, from migration patterns of Canadian geese to fluctuations in the earth’s gravitational field, but every map must show us something about the earth upon which we live. Maps lie, to tell the truth. They lie in order to make a point.

miss - 1688 Words

P2– Identify the process and assessment tools involved in planning support for individuals with different needs who use social services M2- Describe how three key professionals could be involved in planning support for individuals. In this assignment I will be identifying the processed and assessment tools involved in planning support for individuals with different needs who use social service. I will also be describing how three key professionals could be involved in planning support for individuals. The first stage in the cycle of assessment and planning is the referral in which either the individual or a professional refers you to a specialist. E.g. Physiotherapist or counsellor. The holistic assessment includes assessing the†¦show more content†¦The GP has the responsibility to ensure that Mr Farsal is not in harm’s way and guarantee treatments for Mr Farsal’s physical dilemmas until he has fully recovered from them. Moreover, the GP should ensure that Mr Farsal is aware of the treatments that he will be receiving, what it does and what it is for. Furthermore, Mr Farsal’s GP must ensure that his holistic needs are fully met. Secondly, the second key profession that is involved in planning the support for Mr. Farsal is his social worker. The social worker will help Mr Farsal’s intellectual needs, social needs as well as physical needs. Mr Farsal’s social worker must ensure that his rights are fully met. Mr Farsal’s social worker must ensure that he/she provides the essential support needed in order for Mr Farsal to go about his daily life. For example, taking him to a place of worship, the library and barriers he may face at home like climbing up the stairs, changing his clothes etc. Furthermore, a counsellor working with Mr Farsal may empower him in to taking decisions Mr. Farsal may need counselling as he may be struggling with his emotions. He may even be traumatised by the accident he was in. Mr Farsal’s counsellor would encourage him to socialise and confide in individuals he can trust. Mr FarsalShow MoreRelatedMiss Brill5112 Words   |  21 PagesStylistic Analysis of â€Å"Miss Brill† by Katherine Mansfield Shenli Song College of Foreign Languages, Zhejiang Gongshang University Office of Foreign Language College at Zhejiang Gongshang University Xia Sha City-University-Town, Hangzhou 310018, Zhejiang, China E-mail: windyforever@gmail.com Abstract Katherine Mansfield, remembered as one of the finest writers of English short stories, enjoys enduring fame and a somewhat awesome literary status with her short stories, Miss Brill as one of her representativeRead MoreAnalysis Of The Movie Miss Julie 1264 Words   |  6 Pagesthings as they actual exists† (Google). In Miss Julie written by August Strindberg, this play displayed his attempt at representing realism. Creating reality in theater requires implanting realistic points such as characters, actions, and dialogue that is accurate to real life. Foremost, characters are a main part of a play. Establishing characters with relatable backgrounds to people and depth makes the work more believable to the viewer or reader. Miss Julie, who is twenty-five years of age andRead MoreCharacter Analysis Of Miss Havisham1948 Words   |  8 Pagesmakes me think that Miss Havisham is somebody, which is very wealthy, mysterious, in addition respected by various people. Moreover, from the passage I can infer that Pip is extremely confused by the situation, moreover is afraid that he will leave his only companion, Joe. Furthermore, from the passage I can infer that the reasoning Mr.Pumblechook forces Pip to go to Miss Havisham is for his own self-interest, being perhaps he wants to benefit from Pip and gain a large reward from Miss Havisham. (91)Read MoreThe Inclusion of Transgender Women in the Miss Universe1276 Words   |  6 Pages Chapter I Introduction In a beauty-pageant-crazy country like the Philippines, the annual Miss Universe pageantry is a most-awaited event for many Filipinos. It is that time when many Filipino people gravitate towards their TV sets with their eyes wide open as though entranced on the pageant events as they unfold. Probably next to boxing, the Miss Universe pageant is the most-widely watched worldwide event in the Philippines. As evidence of the country’s penchant for this event, the country hasRead MoreSymbolism In Miss Brill, By Katherine Mansfield1143 Words   |  5 PagesMiss Brill is a short fiction story written by Katherine Mansfield, which was first published in November 1920 in Athenaeum, an English literary magazine and then in Mansfield’s The Garden Party Other Stories. The story takes place during a Sunday afternoon as an elderly woman enjoys her weekly visit to a French park. She enjoys watching others and sitting in on their lives, while the band plays in the gazebo. This stor y, written in the third person omniscient point of view, is told with a stream-of-consciousnessRead MoreMiss Julie and Swedish Culture1942 Words   |  8 PagesMiss Julie and Swedish Culture The play Miss Julie by August Strindberg is set in Sweden in the late 1800’s on the count’s estate. The play unfolds on Midsummer’s eve throughout the night of the annual celebration. Jean, a thirty-year-old valet, is attempting to enjoy an evening in the kitchen with his lover Christine who works alongside Jean on the manor as a cook. The couples evening is rudely interrupted by miss Julie, the count’s bitter daughter, who requests Jean be her dance partner at theRead MoreEssay about Illusion versus Reality in Miss Brill1124 Words   |  5 PagesIllusion versus Reality in Miss Brill  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚      Is it really okay to talk to yourself as long as you dont talk back? Well, what if your fur piece talks back? In Katherine Mansfields short story, Miss Brill, it is a quickly established fact that Miss Brill has an odd relationship with her fur necklet (440). But it is the authors descriptive use of symbolism that provides a deeper understanding of Miss Brills personality. Katherine Mansfield creates the woman in the ermine toque (441)Read More Values of Miss America Pageant Essay2461 Words   |  10 PagesShe’s intelligence and humility. She’s fair and honesty. She’s Miss United States. These are not the lyrics to the song that is played after a contestant wins the ever-so coveted crown. These are not lyrics to any song at all actually. But why not? Aren’t those all attributes most people yearn for? While of course these characteristics are things everyone tries to perfect throughout their lifetime, this is not the focal point of the Miss America pageant . The actual lyrics are; â€Å"She’s beauty and she’sRead MoreDriving Miss Daisy962 Words   |  4 PagesDriving Miss Daisy depicts a strong friendship that progressively builds between an elderly Jewish widow named Daisy Werthan and an African American chauffeur named Hoke Coleburn. After crashing her car into a neighbor’s property from pressing the reverse peddle too hard, Miss Daisy Werthan lost her privilege to drive on the road. Since she cannot drive, her son hired Hoke to be her personal chauffeur. At first, Miss Daisy refuses to let Hoke drive her anywhere out of fear of losing her independenceRead MoreEssay on Katherine Mansfields Miss Brill1218 Words   |  5 Pagesdisillusioned and confused about how to function as a part of society. One would tend to isolate ourselves, exiled in this place we call the world. In Katherine Mansfield’s short story â€Å"Miss Brill,† one such person, herself a kind of outcast of society, creates a fantas y world in which she is at the center. â€Å"Miss Brill† is the story of a woman battling with loneliness. She partakes in a ritual in which every Sunday she would spend the entire afternoon at the local park eavesdropping and observing

Class and Politics in Renaissance London - 1203 Words

When Thomas Middleton and Thomas Dekker wrote their Roaring Girl in 1611, they based it loosely on Mary Frith, who was frequenting taverns and playhouses in men’s clothing in London and had to appear in front of the court. Moll is the name of half the prostitutes in London and in their play; we meet Moll Cutpurse, the Roaring Girl. Dekker and Middleton use the unusual girl to criticize the London society. Moll goes between classes to evaluate the people in London as is shown when she talks to Sir Thomas and Lord Noland, stating When next, my lord, you spy any of one of those, So he be in his art a scholar, question him, Tempt him with gold to open the large book Of his close villainies; and you yourself shall cant Better than poor†¦show more content†¦On the other hand, the writers might show their audience that in order to grow into an expert a thief was not that different from a university-schooled person; both had to spend a long time to learn their â€Å"art†, the art of thievery and the art of literary work. Moll conveys that to be good at stealing, the person had to spend a long time of practicing, as well, just as the scholar who spend a lot of time reading and studying his books. Therefore, a thief is not that different from a person of the upper class, even though the latter probably looks down upon the rogues. Moll continues with that comparison when she says that thieves have to study in a book as well, when the literary rate was probably not that high in the lower class. Yet she says to â€Å"open the large book / of his close villainies† (5.1.306), as if there was a large book similar to a textbook which would contain all the secrets of stealing. The secrets are held close to oneself, so a personal relationship is implied as well. â€Å"Close† might also mean that when people are pertaining in villainies acts, the way back into respectable society is closed to them. This does not mean only the people whose occupation it is to steal, because together with the scholarly comparison Moll includes upper class and â€Å"learned† people as well. In addition, people might be closed-minded and see the thieves only as scum of the city, when in reality thereShow MoreRelatedEssay on The Publishing Career of Isabella Whitney928 Words   |  4 PagesThe Publishing Career of Isa bella Whitney The English Renaissance was a time of great literature. The world was changing and people were exploring their boundaries. In a time of such opportunity, women were often excluded. For instance, it was very difficult for women to receive education. Even if they did, it was extremely difficult for them to be accepted as writers and nearly impossible to have their work published. Only a small number of women writers succeeded in having their works publishedRead MoreThe During The Elizabethan Era Essay1080 Words   |  5 Pagesentertainment that took people’s minds off the daily hardships during the Elizabethan era. The Elizabethan era is known for its English nationalism and advancements of arts during the English Renaissance. 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Data Processing Management Systems

Question: Discuss about the Data Processing for Management Systems. Answer: Introduction An information system is any organized system that leads to collection as well as communication of information. With the help of information system, a group of components interacts to generate information. The probable effectiveness of diverse kinds of Information System for environmental management is well known. Advances in information provision had led firms to endeavor to enhance information system. There are three wide-ranging types of IS that are enhanced and in wide-ranging use are monetary systems, operational systems as well as strategic systems (Xu et al. 2014). At present companies are gradually viewed as knowledge-based ventures in which practical knowledge management is imperative for competitiveness. IS plays an important role in the operation of trades as well as economic and non-economic aspect such as decision making as a big role of administration. Amazon has designed an e-business approach such that various technical innovations offer thousands of goods at lower price (Dombrowski et al. 2015). Critically discuss at least one successful and one unsuccessful examples Gaining competitive advantage is vital for an organization. Competitive advantage is described as a good or a service that is valued by customers of an organization. Competitive advantages are characteristically provisional, as competitors often look for ways to replica the competitive advantage. There are several roles that are played by Information Systems in terms of competitive strategy. Most of the organization makes the use of information systems to essentially shift the cost of doing trade (Jones and bio 2016). One of the most successful examples of information systems is the innovation management of Amazon. Amazon has a customer-centric mind set and as a result, they are able to provide their customers with what they want. The company mostly makes the use of two major systems that have been developed for its e-business policy in order to administer enormous number of commodities. Amazon Web Services has allowed the partner retailers, the single sellers as well as the developers to promote their goods through Amazon.com web site by building their web based application in a low cost method and collecting their data. Simultaneously, Amazon.com has broadened its data and vigorous infrastructure reasonably and without difficulty by releasing several incorporated web services. In turn, these services have offered Amazon.com to supervise all activities to analyze and make correct decision for its international e-business. With the help of information system, Amazon.com has been able to build a system that is known as SAS (Smart Analytic Search) in order to allow noticing as well as lessening the examples of deception in Amazon web site by investigating the behavioral pattern of fraudsters. The personalization of customers is also measured with the help of SAS that also investigates the fact that how well Amazon.com serves its customers. With the help of IS, the purchasers are able to use the web site from anywhere at any time to purchase a consistent good by less price. The purchasers are more expediency to get more dependable information about goods provided by Amazon. Amazon web service has become a worldwide platform for individuals to retailers in order to sell their commodities (Chen, Chiang and Storey 2012). The successful role of information system at e-commerce sector of Amazon.com in B2C and B2B is mostly based on how the company manages with the quick changes of competitive worldwide market by manufacturing compatible good segments for its customers. The endurance and the improvement lay under how the company efficiently comprehends its strategic planning with the administration information system to raise its proceeds and usefulness. It also includes the transaction processing system that is mostly based on the creation of expediency for users. Customers mostly have a private account to directly log into their Amazon.com profile. The customers also have their own modified characteristics that involve Shopping basket, wish list as well as Shopping Cart. The customers are also with shortcuts with just one click in order to use dispatch address that are already in the system. The information system also includes recommender system to provide the pertinent as well as helpful information to the clients. The company also has an enormous number of links that have been maintained among items and customers (Smart Insights 2016). Between the year 2001 and 2003, Amazon invested more than about $300,000 in order to build new distribution centers as well as acquire information systems software. There are hardly any criticisms against the company asserting that it would never recuperate the investment. With the help of information systems, Amazon is likely to become profitable in the long run and earn additional proceeds. Amazons makes the use of information systems in order to enhance profitability faster. According to a recent report, net sales of Amazon doubled and present proceeds also increased by 40 percent. Oracle information system that is used by the company is built as a multi-terabyte database for the company. On the other hand, the SCM software that is used by the company mostly controls costs and improves efficiency related to shipping and logistics. The CRM information system that is incorporated proposes to work up e-marketing hard work with the help of analysis of preferences of the customers and provision of commodities for precise segments. With the help of order processing system, Amazon is able to record information of credit card and is linked to a delivery system. The CRM system of Amazon generates business value by integrating customer sales as well as services. One of the most unsuccessful examples of information systems is the failure of the Hilton Hotels information systems. The hotel attempted to apply a system that allowed customers to confirm reservation for hotel bookings as well as car rentals online. They utilized the information system with the purpose to make booking system easier for both the customers and the company. However, the utilization of IS did not bring any productive result. In spite a huge investment of 125million dollars, the project disintegrated when it became apparent that the company would miss its deadline by 2 years. The major disadvantage that is associated with Hilton Hotel is the transaction processing system. This system will not be able to handle if the trade is not large enough to make use of a transaction processing system at the hotel. It has also faced problem in terms of security and hardware problem as it was successful to handle enormous quantities of customer and business data (Stair and Reynolds 2 013). Critically discuss the success factors One of the major success factors is that Amazon makes the use of oracle as the enterprise resource management. With the help of this, Amazon is able to hold data related to its customers. It also makes the use of customer relationship management in order to gain customer satisfaction. The management information system is mostly used for collecting its Customer relationship management by Amazon.com. The innovation strategy of the company is also considered as one of the major that have led to the success of the company. The major strength of Amazon.com came from organizing its information systems such as data, transaction and logistic procedure in a precious manner. The major factor that led to the success of information system is Service Oriented Architecture (SOA). It allows information system of Amazon.com the prospects to be ultra scalable, high routine and availability of sustainable growth. The system had mainly focused on the performance of end-data to keep more items, more cus tomers and more orders to strengthen the online sites. The pleasant appearance of this system is that it has been built to reuse the information in multi-contexts (Ward and Peppard 2016). Amazon.com productively makes the use of the major individuality of managing information systems, such as management directed, common data flow, management oriented and easiness of use. It is mostly considered as administration oriented as it is designed for using from top to down. It is considered as management directed as the enhancements are vigorously directed and encouraged by investments. As the system covers all functional areas of business, the information system includes ordinary data flows (Anderson et al. 2013). It can also be said that the achievement factors of the information system of Amazon.com comes from the following causes: All the information is practiced and checked as it takes place All the accessed data is protected through approval method All back up data is taken to uphold dishonesty and loss of data The system is developed through a consistency of designing and expansion The information system is confirmed through the consistency to trade goals and procedures (Jannach et al. 2016). Discuss various factors influencing the success and the failure The manufacturing and service industry in Australia is compared by providing industry specific inside into the IS success and failures. The required data was gathered through questionnaire survey that was conducted among top five hundred businesses in Australia. The effect of environmental hesitation and strategic application of IS on the performance of firms. The correlation among professed environmental hesitation and the level of strategic applications and the facilitators of IS strategic arrangement is empirically scrutinized (Shapiro and Varian 2013). The factors affecting success of organizational attempts at gaining and enhancing competitive advantages via IS/IT are as follows: The information technology is incorporated into the decision-making purposes. It sets clear principles that the IS focuses on the key issues of the businesses. A suitable information processing technology is requisite to meet the data dispensation and analysis requirements of the users of the IS/IT is selected. The information system is oriented, distinct and intended in terms of the requirements of the individuals and its operational feasibility is ensured The IS/IT is kept under continuous observation; so that it is open system design is customized according to the changing information requirements. IS focuses on the consequences and objectives as well as highlights the factors for non-achievement. The information system recognizes that the diverse information needs for diverse objectives must be met with. The globalization of information in separation from the dissimilar objectives directs to too much information and information and its non-use. The IS concentrates on enhancing the information support to manager decisive success factors. It concentrates on the mission decisive application serving the requirements of the top management (David and David 2016). The factors affecting failure of organizational attempts at gaining and enhancing competitive advantages via IS/IT are as follows: The information system is envisaged as a data processing and not as an information processing system. The IS does not provide the data that is required by the managers but it have a tendency to provide the information usually the function call for. The complexity in the business systems is underestimated and not recognizing it in the IS design leads to issues in the victorious implementation. Deficient of training and approval that the customers of the information and the producers of the data are dissimilar, and they have to play an imperative accountable role in the IS. Sufficient attention is not given to the quality power characteristics of the inputs, the processes and the outputs leading to inadequate checks and controls in the information system. The information system is not able to provide perfect data to all the customers in the organization (Tang and Zhang 2013). Critically discuss the sustainability of competitive advantages There are mostly three IT assets, such as people, shared risk and responsibility as well as technology, which help to develop sustainable competitiveness. Sustainability of competitive advantages is accomplished by making the use of inward systems that are not observable to competitors and using modified approach. Strategic information system mostly supports competitive business strategy of an organization in order to improve relationships with customers and suppliers as well as improve productivity. Competitive advantage that is sustainable is mostly important for an organization. There are mainly four generic strategies that is used to achieve sustainability of competitive advantages via IS/IT (Harvard Business Review 2016). Low-Cost Leadership: Information System is used to accomplish the lowest operational costs and lowest prices. In other words, a supply chain management system can integrate a well-organized customer response system to directly associate customer behavior to distribution and production, serving lower inventory and distribution costs. An organization can make the use of information systems that will essentially shift the cost of doing trade as well as diminish the costs of business procedure (Chiu et al. 2016). Product Differentiation: Information System is used to enable new goods and services as well as change greatly the expediency of the customers in using existing goods and services. An organization makes use of information systems to enhance differential characteristics to reduce differentiation strategies of its competitors (Shapiro and Varian 2013). Focus on market position: A precise market focus is enabled with the help of information systems to constrict linkages with suppliers and develop familiarity with customers. Hilton Hotels mostly uses information system related to customers with detailed data about active guests to provide tailored services and reward profitable customers with extra privileges and attention (Pearlson, Saunders and Galletta 2016). Strengthen customer and supplier familiarity: IS/IT is used to facilitate direct access from suppliers to production schedules. This in turn provides more lead-time to suppliers in manufacturing products. Switching costs is increased due to strong linkages between suppliers and customers. Internet technology is based on global standards that will make it easy for competitors to compete on price alone and for new competitors to enter the market. The value chain model emphasizes specific activities in the business where competitive approaches can best be applied (Sashi 2012). Conclusion It can be concluded that Amazon.com has broadened its data and vigorous infrastructure reasonably and easily by releasing several integrated web services. It can be concluded that information system had emerged as an agent of incorporation and the enabler of new competitiveness for enterprises in the international marketplace. Amazon.com has become the leading B2C online company that has been threatened by the brick companies. Each customer who purchases through amazon.com has his or her profile in Amazon website. It always encourages its customers in order to add favorite items to the wish list. This in turn helps Amazon to know their customers better. The company has successfully incorporated CRM system as well as innovated a number of approaches in order to gain and satisfy individuals with the help of the implementation of electronic customer relationship management. References Anderson, E.W., Wipfel, R. and Golan, J., Novell, Inc., 2013.System and method for recording collaborative information technology processes in an intelligent workload management system. U.S. Patent 8,543,916. Chen, H., Chiang, R.H. and Storey, V.C., 2012. Business Intelligence and Analytics: From Big Data to Big Impact.MIS quarterly,36(4), pp.1165-1188. Chiu, C.M., Wang, E.T., Fang, Y.H. and Huang, H.Y., 2014. Understanding customers' repeat purchase intentions in B2C e?commerce: the roles of utilitarian value, hedonic value and perceived risk.Information Systems Journal,24(1), pp.85-114. David, F. and David, F.R., 2016. Strategic Management: A Competitive Advantage Approach, Concepts and Cases. Dombrowski, J.G., Atade, R., Marchesini, P., Souza, R.M.D. and Marinho, C.R.F., 2015. Effectiveness of the Live Births Information System in the Far-Western Brazilian Amazon.Cincia Sade Coletiva,20(4), pp.1245-1254. Harvard Business Review. (2016).How Information Gives You Competitive Advantage. [online] Available at: https://hbr.org/1985/07/how-information-gives-you-competitive-advantage [Accessed 8 Dec. 2016]. Jannach, D., Resnick, P., Tuzhilin, A. and Zanker, M., 2016. Recommender systems---: beyond matrix completion.Communications of the ACM,59(11), pp.94-102. Jones, S. and bio), (. (2016).The Business Value of Information Systems. A Study of Amazon. [online] Articlesbase.com. Available at: https://www.articlesbase.com/organizational-articles/the-business-value-of-information-systems-a-study-of-amazon-5626584.html [Accessed 8 Dec. 2016]. Pearlson, K.E., Saunders, C.S. and Galletta, D.F., 2016.Managing and Using Information Systems, Binder Ready Version: A Strategic Approach. John Wiley Sons. Sashi, C.M., 2012. Customer engagement, buyer-seller relationships, and social media.Management decision,50(2), pp.253-272. Shapiro, C. and Varian, H.R., 2013.Information rules: a strategic guide to the network economy. Harvard Business Press. Smart Insights. (2016).Amazon.com case study - Smart Insights Digital Marketing Advice. [online] Available at: https://www.smartinsights.com/digital-marketing-strategy/online-business-revenue-models/amazon-case-study/ [Accessed 8 Dec. 2016]. Stair, R. and Reynolds, G., 2013.Principles of information systems. Cengage Learning. Tang, Q.Y. and Zhang, C.X., 2013. Data Processing System (DPS) software with experimental design, statistical analysis and data mining developed for use in entomological research.Insect Science,20(2), pp.254-260. Ward, J. and Peppard, J., 2016.The Strategic Management of Information Systems: Building a Digital Strategy. John Wiley Sons. Xu, B., Da Xu, L., Cai, H., Xie, C., Hu, J. and Bu, F., 2014. Ubiquitous data accessing method in IoT-based information system for emergency medical services.IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics,10(2), pp.1578-1586.

Revolution America and France

The period between the 15th and 18th centuries was an age that prided itself on classical precedents and continuity, yet witnessed dramatic change and innovation that revolutionized warfare. Historians consider evolution as steady development or change in ideas. Revolution on the other hand, involves an abrupt change in thinking and action.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Revolution: America and France specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This paper argues that most technological events between 15th and 18th centuries were evolutionary. As people saw deficiencies in different areas, they sought better ways of running military affairs to outdo opponents. This becomes clear when one observes the gradual change in technology and style of leadership in various countries. According to Bennett, the demand for better war equipment prompted the Industrial Revolution so as to meet the manufacturing needs.1 Evidently, technolo gical advancements had a major impact in the way the military carried out its operations. Between 1775 and 1815, a revolution was witnessed in warfare that corresponded with the advent of American and French revolutions.2 This got rid of classical forms of warfare associated with past regimes; dynastic warfare, and ushered in an era of national warfare in France.3 The royal armies associated with the 18th century were of dynastic nature rather than national. They had hierarchical social structures and made use of improved versions of earlier equipment.4 The National Revolution that arose in France in 1789 was purely a result of dissatisfaction with the monarchy system used back then.5 This saw the transfer of France royal powers to a nationally elected body and also the establishment of a national militia team called the National Guard. Military personnel were made to take a new oath of commitment to France and unwilling persons were replaced by others in support of the Revolution. Subsequent wars fought by France such as the Crimean War (1854 – 56) and Franco-Austrian war of 1859 saw the use of better equipment and huge army troops fighting for France.6 A similar trend was seen during the American Civil War (1861 – 65) and German unification wars (1864 – 71) with improved technology for equipment.7Advertising Looking for essay on history? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More In 1775, a military force was set up to protect the freedom of American people from being attacked by the British army under King George III’s leadership.8 Missions carried out in the wilderness to locate raiders revealed the need to improve field equipment.9 Conclusion Looking at the evidence presented in this paper, we can confidently conclude that the changes witnessed between the 15th and 18th centuries were gradual and evolutionary and not revolutionary. The quest for better equipment spurred changes in t echnology and consequently, allowed armies to be well prepared during war. This inspired further technological innovations. Although countries initially faced greatly challenged using new technologies, this was overcome by engaging the services of experts from other countries. Bibliography Addington, Larry H. The Patterns of War since the Eighteenth Century. Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press, 1994. Bennett, George D. The United States Army: Issues, Background and Bibliography. Hauppauge, New York: Nova Publishers, 2002. Footnotes 1 Bennett, George D. The United States Army: Issues, Background and Bibliography. Hauppauge, New York: Nova Publishers, 2002. 2 Addington, Larry H. The Patterns of War since the Eighteenth Century. Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press, 1994.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Revolution: America and France specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More 3 Addington, Larry H. The Patterns of War since the Eighteenth Century. Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press, 1994. 4 Addington, Larry H. The Patterns of War since the Eighteenth Century. Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press, 1994. 5 Addington, Larry H. The Patterns of War since the Eighteenth Century. Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press, 1994. 6 Addington, Larry H. The Patterns of War since the Eighteenth Century. Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press, 1994. 7 Addington, Larry H. The Patterns of War since the Eighteenth Century. Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press, 1994. 8 Bennett, George D. The United States Army: Issues, Background and Bibliography. Hauppauge, New York: Nova Publishers, 2002. 9 Bennett, George D. The United States Army: Issues, Background and Bibliography. Hauppauge, New York: Nova Publishers, 2002.Advertising Looking for essay on history? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More This essay on Revolution: America and France was written and submitted by user August Atkins to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.